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Air

Yerevan is served by the Zvartnots International Airport, located 12 km west of the city center. It is the primary airport of the country and the hub of Armavia. Inaugurated in 1961 during the Soviet era, Zvartnots airport was renovated for the first time in 1985 and a second time in 2002 in order to adapt to international norms. It went through a facelift starting in 2004 with the construction of a new terminal. The first phase of the construction ended in September 2006 with the opening of the arrivals zone. A second section designated for departures was inaugurated in May 2007.[43] The entire project cost more than $100 million USD. The airport has flights to dozens of countries which include France, Russia, Germany, Greece, United Arab Emirates, United Kingdom, Austria, Netherlands, Czech Republic, Ukraine, Iran, Italy, Lebanon, Syria, Turkey etc.[44] A second airport, Erebuni Airport, is located just south of the city. Since independence of the country in 1991, the airport is mainly used by the military or for private flights. The Armenian Air Force has equally installed its base there and there are several MiG-29s stationed on Erebuni's tarmac.

Amusement Parks and Zoo

The Yerevan Zoo was founded in 1940. After a period of difficulty during the 1990s, the zoo is in better economic shape today. The zoo hosts elephants, eagles, bears, camels and 260 other animal species.[39] Waterworld is a water park in Yerevan.[40] It has several pools, toboggans, bars and restaurants. The park used to close from October to May but construction of an indoors section called Aquatek has permitted the water park to be open all year. The indoors section has jacuzzis, pools, hammams, fitness rooms, restaurants and a hotel.[41] On the road to Lake Sevan, there is an amusement parc called Play City that has a bowling arena, a cinema, paint-ball, karting and video-game rooms.[42]

Brief independence (1917–1920)

At the start of the 20th century, Yerevan was a small town with a population of 30,000.[14] In 1917, the Russian Empire ended with the October Revolution. In the aftermath, Armenian, Georgian and Muslim leaders of Transcaucasia united to form the Transcaucasian Federation and proclaimed Transcaucasia's secession. The Federation, however, was short-lived and on May 28, 1918, Yerevan became the capital of the newly-independent Democratic Republic of Armenia and therefore became the center of independent Armenia. On November 29, 1920, the Bolshevik 11th Red Army occupied Yerevan during the Russian Civil War. Although nationalist forces managed to retake the city in February 1921, the city once again fell to Soviet forces on April 2, 1921.

Bus and Tramway

Yerevan has 46 bus lines[45] and 24 trolleybus lines.[46] The trolleybuses have been operating in the streets of Yerevan since 1949. Old Soviet-era buses are slowly being replaced by new buses. Outside the bus lines that cover the city, some buses at the start of the central road train station located in the Nor Kilikia neighborhood serve practically all the cities of Armenia as well as of others abroad, notably Tbilisi in Georgia or Tabriz in Iran. The tramway network that operated in Yerevan since 1906 was decommissioned in January 2004. Its use had a cost 2.4 times higher than the generated profits which pushed the municipality to shutdown the network[47], despite a last ditch effort to save it towards the end of 2003. Since the closure, the rails have been dismantled and sold.

Capital

Yerevan has been the capital of Armenia since the independence of the First Republic in 1918. Situated in the Ararat plain, the historic lands of Armenia, it served as the best logical choice for capital of the young republic at the time. When Armenia became a republic of the Soviet Union, Yerevan remained as capital and accommodated all the political institution of the republic. In 1991 with the independence of the Third Armenian republic, Yerevan remained the political center of the country and became the location of all the national institution: the Azgayin Zhoghov, ministries, the presidential palace, public organisms and judicial institutions.

Cinemas, Theatres, Opera and Concert Halls

The city of Yerevan possesses two operating cinema halls; among them the famous Moskva cinema. Most of the world's hit movies are available to watch at the same time of their release elsewhere. Most of the movies that are shown in the cinemas are Russian. Since 2004, Moskva hosts each year the Golden Apricot international film festival. The last edition of the festival presided by Atom Egoyan was held from July 9 to July 14 2007 with the Golden Apricot going to the film Import/Export from Austrian filmmaker Ulrich Seidl.[38] The Opera Theatre of Yerevan hosts the Aram Khatchaturian concert hall, the national theatre of opera and the Alexander Spendiarian ballet. The numerous theatres have permitted attendance to a multitude of various pieces and the some spectacle rooms, of which the big one Hamalir, sometimes offer some concerts even if the temperate Armenian summers allow the organization of the bulk of the concerts to be held outside.

Cityscape

Yerevan skyline Matenadaran archives Mother Armenia St. Gregory the Illuminator Cathedral Statue of David of Sasun The Baronian Musical Comedy Theater The Cascade National Gallery, Republic Square, Yerevan Fountains in front of the National Gallery, Republic Square, Yerevan Tsitsernakaberd Armenian Genocide Memorial Yerevan in 1796 Yerevan's Russian Orthodox Church Minaret of the Urban Mosque of Yerevan The Gök-Jami ("Blue Mosque") in Yerevan.

Climate

The climate of Yerevan is relatively continental, with dry, hot summers and cold and short winters. This is attributed to the fact that Yerevan is located on a plain surrounded by mountains and to its distance to the sea and its effects. The summers are usually very hot with the temperature in August reaching up to 40 °C (104 °F), while winters generally carry snowfall and freezing temperates with January being often as cold as -15 °C (5 °F). The amount of precipitation is small, amounting annually to about 350 mm (14 in). The city has an annual period of sunshine of approximately 2,700 hours.[19]

Construction

The construction sector has experienced strong growth since 2000.[52] Recently, Yerevan has been undergoing an extensive and controversial redevelopment process in which Czarist and Soviet-period buildings have been demolished and replaced with new buildings. This urban renewal plan has been met with opposition[53] and criticism from some residents. Coupled with the construction sector's growth has been the increase in real estate prices.[54] Downtown houses deemed too small are more and more demolished and replaced by high-rise buildings. Jermaine Jackson has planned to build an entertainment complex in a new 5-star hotel which is being built in the city.[citation needed]

Demographics

Originally a small town, Yerevan became the capital of Armenia and a large city with over one million inhabitants. Until the fall of the Soviet Union, the majority of the population of Yerevan were Armenians with minorities of Russians, Kurds, Azeris and Iranians present as well. However with the breakout of the Nagorno-Karabakh War from 1988 to 1994, the Azeri minority diminished in the country in what was part of population exchanges between Armenia and Azerbaijan. A big part of the Russian minority also fled the country during the 1990s economic crisis in the country. Today, the population of Yerevan is mainly Armenian. Like the rest of the country and all other ex-Soviet republics, a lot of people fled their countries (mostly to Europe and North America) due to economic crises. The population of Yerevan fell from 1,250,000 in 1989[19] to 1,103,488 in 2001[30] and to 1,091,235 in 2003.[31] However, the population of Yerevan has been increasing since. In 2007, the capital had 1,107,800 inhabitants.[1] Sources : Municipality of Yerevan, ArmStat * Growth rate of the population : 0,29 % (in 2006).[32] * Birth rate : 1,12 % (en 2006).[32] * Death rate : 0,83 % (en 2006).[32] * Rate of infantile mortality : 1,05 % (en 2006).[33]

Description

Coordinates: 40°11′00″N 44°31′00″E / 40.183333°N 44.516667°E / 40.183333; 44.516667 Yerevan (Armenian: ÔµÖ€Ö‡Õ¡Õ¶ or ÔµÖ€Õ¥Ö‚Õ¡Õ¶, Armenian pronunciation: [jɛɾɛˈvÉ‘n]; sometimes written as Erevan, Erewan, Ayrivan, and Erivan; former names include Erebuni, Ereun) is the capital and largest city of Armenia and one of the world's oldest continuously-inhabited cities. It is situated on the Hrazdan River, and is the administrative, cultural, and industrial center of the country. It has been the capital of Armenia since 1918 and the twelfth in the history of Armenia. The history of Yerevan dates back to the 8th century BC, with the founding of the fortress of Erebuni in 782 BC by king Argishti I at the western extremity of the Ararat plain.[2] After World War I, Yerevan became the capital of the Democratic Republic of Armenia as thousands of survivors of the Armenian Genocide settled in the area. The city expanded rapidly during the 20th century when Armenia became one of the fifteen republics in the Soviet Union. In fifty years, Yerevan was transformed from a town of a few thousand residents during the first republic to the principal cultural, artistic and industrial center as well as becoming the seat of the political institutions of the country. With the growth of the economy of the country, Yerevan has been undergoing a major transformation as construction sites have appeared all over the city since the early 2000s. Today, the appearance of new buildings, roads, restaurants, boutiques, quarters etc. have started to erase the traces of 70 years of Soviet dominance. In 2007, the population of Yerevan was estimated to be 1,107,800 people with the agglomeration around the city regrouping 1,245,700 people (official estimation[3]), more than 33% of the population of Armenia.

Districts

Yerevan is divided into twelve "neighborhood communities" (Õ©Õ¡Õ²Õ¡ÕµÕ«Õ¶ Õ°Õ¡Õ´Õ¡ÕµÕ¶Ö„Õ¶Õ¥Ö€Õ¨), commonly translated as "districts"[29], each with an elected community leader. Each district is divided into neighborhoods (Õ©Õ¡Õ²Õ¡Õ´Õ¡Õ½). A district can have up to seven neighborhoods.

Early history

The origin of the name Yerevan is unknown. The territory of Yerevan was settled in the fourth millennium BC, fortified settlements from the Bronze Age include Shengavit, Tsitsernakaberd, Karmir Blur, Arin Berd, Karmir Berd and Berdadzor. Archaeological evidence, such as a cuneiform inscription[8], indicates that an Urartian military fortress called Erebuni (Ô·Ö€Õ¥Õ¢Õ¸Ö‚Õ¶Õ«) was founded in 782 BC by the orders of King Argishti I at the site of current-day Yerevan, to serve as a fort and citadel guarding against attacks from the north Caucasus.[4] Yerevan is thus one of the most ancient cities in the world. Between the sixth and fourth centuries BC, Yerevan was one of the main centers of the Armenian satrapy of the Achaemenid Empire. During the height of Urartian power, irrigation canals and an artificial reservoir were built on Yerevan's territory. In 585 BC, the fortress of Teishebaini (Karmir Blur), thirty miles to the north of Yerevan, was destroyed by an alliance of Medes and the Scythians. Due to the absence of historical data, the timespan between fourth century BC and third century AD is known as the "Yerevan Dark Ages." The first church in Yerevan, the church of St. Peter and Paul, was built in the fifth century (it was demolished in 1931 and a cinema built on its site).

Education

As the capital of Armenia, Yerevan has the biggest number of educational institutions in the country. There are 27 colleges[60] and twelve art schools[61] that are administered by the Minister of Education of Armenia. The biggest public and private universities of Armenia are located in Yerevan. They attract large numbers of foreign students, notably from India and Iran, because of competitive prices and education of health science in English.[62]

Etymology and symbols

Early Christian Armenian chroniclers attributed Yerevan's origin to having been derived from an expression exclaimed by Noah, in Armenian, while looking in the direction of Yerevan, after the ark had landed on Mount Ararat and the flood waters had receded: "Yerevats!" ("it appeared!").[4] Another theory on the origin of the name is that the city was named after the Armenian king, Yervand IV (the Last), the last leader of the Orontid Dynasty and founder of the city of Yervandashat.[4] However, it is likely that the city's name is derived from an Urartian military fortress called Erebuni (Էրեբունի), which was founded on the territory of modern-day Yerevan in 782 B.C. by Argishti I.[4] As elements of the Urartian language blended with that of the Armenian one, it eventually transformed into Yerevan; scholar Margarit Israelyan notes these changes when comparing inscriptions found on two cuneiform tablets at Erebuni: The transcription of the second cuneiform bu [original emphasis] of the word was very essential in our interpretation as it is the Urartaean b that has been shifted to the Armenian v (b > v). The original writing of the inscription read «er-bu-ni»; therefore the prominent Armenianologist-orientalist Prof. G. A. Ghapantsian justly objected, remarking that the Urartu b changed to v at the beginning of the word (Biani > Van) or between two vowels (ebani > avan, Zabaha > Javakhk)....In other words b was placed between two vowels. The true pronunciation of the fortress-city was apparently Erebuny.[5] The principal symbol of Yerevan is Mount Ararat of Turkey which is visible from any area in the capital. The seal of the city is symbolized by a crowned lion on a pedestal with the inscription "Yerevan" with the head turned back and holding a scepter with the right front leg, which is the attribute of power and royalty. The symbol of eternity is on the breast of the lion with a picture of the Ararat in its upper part. The emblem has a form of a rectangular shield with the blue border line.[6] On September 27, 2004, Yerevan adopted a hymn, "Erebuni-Yerevan", written by Paruyr Sevak and composed by Edgar Hovhanissian. It was selected in a competition for a new hymn and flag that would best represent the city. The chosen flag has a white background with the seal in the middle surrounded by twelve small red triangles that symbolize the twelve historic capitals of Armenia. The flag shows the three colours of the Armenian National flag on itself. The lion is on the orange background with blue edging.[7]

Industry

In 2001, Yerevan's share of national industrial production was approximately 50%.[50]. Yerevan's manufactures include chemicals, primary metals, machinery, rubber products, plastics, textiles, and processed food. Even though the economic crisis of the 90s ravaged the industry of the country, several factories remain always in service, notably in the petrochemical and the aluminium sectors. Not only is Yerevan the headquarters of major Armenian companies, but of international ones as well, as it's seen as an attractive outsourcing location for Western European, Russian and American multinationals. Yerevan is also the country's financial hub, home to the Armenian National Bank, the Armenian Stock Exchange, as well as some of the country's largest commercial banks. Yerevan's location on the shores of Hrazdan river has enabled the production of hydroelectricity. Two plants are established on the territory of the municipality.[51] There is also a thermal central station, situated to the city's south, that furnishes equally a little electricity.

Metro

The Yerevan Metro (ÔµÖ€Õ¥Ö‚Õ¡Õ¶Õ« Õ´Õ¥Õ¿Ö€Õ¸ÕºÕ¸Õ¬Õ«Õ¿Õ¥Õ¶) is a rapid transit system that serves the capital city. It has one 13.4 km (8.37 miles) line and currently services 10 active stations. Its interior resembles that of western former Soviet nations with chandeliers hanging from the corridors. The metro stations had most of their names changed after the collapse of the Soviet Union and the Independence of the Republic of Armenia. A northeastern extension of the line with two new stations is currently being planned. The construction of the first station (Ajapnyak) and of the one kilometer tunnel linking it to the rest of the network will cost 18 million USD.[48] The time of the end of the project has not yet been defined. Another long term project is the construction of two new lines but these have been suspended due to a deficit in the budget balance.

Municipalities

The Armenian Constitution, adopted on July 5, 1995, granted Yerevan the status of a marz (region).[20] Therefore, Yerevan functions similarly to the other regions of the country with a few specificities.[21] The administrative authority of Yerevan is thus represented by: * the mayor, appointed by the President (who can remove him at any moment) upon the recommendation of the Prime Minister,[20] alongside a group of four deputy mayors heading eleven ministries (of which financial, transport, urban development etc.),[22] * the Yerevan Council, regrouping the Chiefs of neighborhood communities under the authority of the mayor,[23] * twelve "neighborhood communities" (or districts), with each having its own chief and their elected councils.[24] Yerevan has a principal city hall and twelve deputy mayors of districts. The last modification to the Constitution on November 27, 2005 turned the city into a "community" (hamaynk); since, the Constitution declares that this community has to be led by a mayor, elected directly or indirectly, and that the city needs to be governed by a specific law.[25] This law is currently in preparation in the Armenian parliament that adopted its first draft in December 2007 and should do the same in the second draft in spring of 2008.[26] The project on the law envisions an indirect election of the mayor.[27] Artashes Geghamyan was the last mayor of the Armenian SSR and Hambartsoum Galstyan, the first mayor of the Third Republic. Since 1991, there have been eight mayors of Yerevan. The current mayor is Gagik Beglaryan.[28] In addition to the national police and road police, Yerevan has its own municipal police. All three bodies maintain law in the city by cooperating.

Museums and Libraries

Yerevan is home to dozens of museums, art galleries, and libraries. The most prominent of these are the National Gallery of Armenia, the Cafesjian Museum of Art, the Matenadaran library of ancient manuscripts, and the Armenian Genocide museum. Others include the Modern Art Museum, the Children’s Picture Gallery, and the Martiros Saryan Museum. Moreover, many private galleries are in operation, with many more opening every year, featuring rotating exhibitions and sales. Constructed in 1921, the National Gallery of Armenia is Yerevan principal museum. It is integrated with the Armenia's History Museum. In addition to having a permanent exposition of works of painters such as Aivazovsky, Kandinsky, Chagall, Theodore Rousseau, Monticelli or Eugene Boudin,[34] it usually hosts temporary expositions such as Yann Arthus-Bertrand in 2005 or the one organized on the occasion of the Year of Armenia in France in October 2006.[35] The Armenian Genocide museum is found at the foot of Tsitsernakaberd memorial and features numerous eyewitness accounts, texts and photographs from the time. It comprises a Memorial stone made of three parts, the latter of which is dedicated to the intellectual and political figures who, as the museum's site says, "raised their protest against the Genocide committed against the Armenians by the Turks. Among them there are Armin T. Wegner, Hedvig Bull, Henry Morgenthau, Franz Werfel, Johannes Lepsius, James Bryce, Anatole France, Giacomo Gorrini, Benedict XV, Fritjof Nansen, Fayez el Husseini". This place of remembrance was created by Laurenti Barseghian, the Museum's director, and Pietro Kuciukian, the founder of the "Memory is the Future" Committee for the Righteous for the Armenians. This Memorial hosts the ashes or fistfuls of earth from the tombs of the Righteous and of those non-Armenians who witnessed the genocide and tried to help the Armenians. Here, people also celebrates living characters who stand out for their pro-memory engagement. The Matenadaran is a library-museum regrouping 17,000 ancient manuscripts and several bibles from the Middle Ages. Its archives hold a rich collection of valuable ancient Armenian, Greek, Assyrian, Hebrew, Roman and Persian manuscripts. It is located in the center of the city on Mesrop Mashdots avenue. Next to the Hrazdan river, the Sergey Parajanov Museum that was completely renovated in 2002, has 250 works, documents and photos[36] of the Armenian filmmaker and painter. Yerevan has several other museums like the museum of the Middle-East and the Museum of Yerevan.[37]

Notable people

Notable people who are from or have resided in Yerevan: * Khachatur Abovian, writer * Vladimir Akopian, chess player * Viktor Ambartsumian, astrophysicist * Levon Aronian, chess player * Alexander Arutiunian, composer * Gokor Chivichyan, judoka * Armen Dzhigarkhanyan, actor * Gevorg Emin, poet * Djivan Gasparyan, composer * Ara Gevorgian, composer * Silva Kaputikyan, poet * Sergei Khachatryan, violinist * Aram Khachaturian, composer * Khoren Hovhannisyan, football player * Edgar Manucharyan, football player * Artavazd Karamyan, football player * Roman Berezovsky, football player, goalkeeper * Michel Der Zakarian, football player and manager * Arthur Abraham, boxer, current IBF middleweight World champion * Armen Movsessian, violinist * Shavo Odadjian, bassist of the band (System of a Down) * Sergei Parajanov, film director * Karo Parisyan, UFC fighter * Gevorg Petrosyan, kickboxer * Sargis Sargsian, tennis player * Rafik Khachatryan, sculptor * Gevorg Sargsyan, opera conductor * Martiros Saryan, painter * Alexander Shirvanzade, writer * Levon Ter-Petrossian, first president of Armenia (1991-1998) * Samvel Yervinyan, violinist * Tigran Mansurian, Grammy nominated composer List of notable persons born in Yerevan: People from Yerevan

Persian and Ottoman rule

In 658 AD, Yerevan was conquered, during the height of Arab invasions. Since then the site has been strategically important as a crossroads for the caravan routes passing between Europe and India. It has been known as "Yerevan" since at least the seventh century AD. Between the ninth and eleventh centuries, Yerevan was a secure part of the Armenian Bagratuni Kingdom, before being overrun by Seljuks. The city was seized and pillaged by Tamerlane in 1387 and subsequently became an administrative center of the Ilkhanate. Due to its strategic significance, Yerevan was constantly fought over and passed back and forth between the dominion of Persia and the Ottomans. At the height of the Turkish-Persian wars, the city changed hands fourteen times between 1513 and 1737. In 1604, under the order of Shah Abbas I, tens of thousands of Armenians (including citizens of Yerevan) were deported to Persia. As a consequence, population became 80 percent Muslim (Persians, Turco, Kurds) and 20 percent Armenian. Muslims were either sedentary, semi-sedentary, or nomadic. Armenians lived in Erevan or the villages. The Armenians dominated the various professions and trade in the area and were of great economic significance to the Persian administration.[9] The Ottomans, Safavids and Ilkhanids all maintained a mint in Yerevan. During the 1670s, the Frenchman Jean Chardin visited Yerevan and gave a description of the city in his Travels of Cavalier Chardin in Transcaucasia in 1672-1673. On June 7, 1679, a devastating earthquake razed the city to the ground. During the Safavid Dynasty rule, Yerevan and adjacent territories were part of the Čoḵūr Saʿd administrative territory. This lasted until 1828 when the region was incorporated into Russian Empire.

Post-USSR independence

Following the downfall of the USSR or Soviet Union, Yerevan became the capital of the Republic of Armenia on September 21, 1991. Maintaining supplies of gas and electricity proved difficult; constant electricity was not restored until 1996. Also in the last five years, central Yerevan has been transformed into a vast construction site, with cranes seemingly outnumbering trees. Officially, the scores of multi-storied buildings are part of large-scale urban planning projects. Roughly $1.8 billion was spent on such construction in 2006, according to the national statistical service. Prices for downtown apartments have increased by about ten times over the last decade, realtors say. However, some experts have voiced their opinions, and have asserted that many of the new edifices violate urban planning and earthquake safety requirements. Political demonstrations still occur in Yerevan, usually as a result of disputed election results. Recently, unrest in the capital between the authorities and opposition demonstrators led by ex-President Levon Ter-Petrossian occurred after the 2008 Armenian presidential election. The events resulted in ten deaths[17] and a subsequent 20-day state of emergency declared by President Robert Kocharian.[18]

References

* The capitals of Armenia, Sergey Vardanyan, Apolo 1995 , ISBN 5-8079-0778-7 * My Yerevan, G. Zakoyan, M. Sivaslian, V. Navasardian, Acnalis 2001, ISBN 99930-902-0-4 * Yerevan at GEOnet Names Server

Russian rule

During the second Russian-Persian war, Yerevan was captured [4][10][11] by Russian troops under general Ivan Paskevich on 1 October, 1827. It was formally ceded by the Persians in 1828, following the Treaty of Turkmenchay. Tsarist Russia sponsored Armenian resettlement from Persia and Turkey; by the turn of the twentieth century, Yerevan's population was over 29,000, of which 49% were Azerbaijanis (then referred to as Azerbaijani Tatars), 48% Armenians and 2% Russians.[12] It served as the seat of the newly-formed Armenian Oblast and subsequently the Erivan Governorate. The city began to grow economically and politically, with old buildings torn down and new buildings in European style erected in their place. In 1829, Armenian repatriates from Persia were resettled in the city and a new quarter was built. By the time of Nicholas I's visit in 1837, Yerevan had become a uyezd. The first general plan of the city was made in 1854, during which time the women's colleges of St. Hripsime and St. Gayane were opened and the English Garden built. In 1874, Zacharia Gevorkian opened Yerevan's first printing house and in 1879 the first theatre, sited near the church of St. Peter and Paul, was established. Two years into the twentieth century, a railway line linked Yerevan with Alexandropol, Tiflis and Julfa, the same year Yerevan's first public library opened. In 1913, a telephone line with eighty subscribers became operational. The early twentieth century saw the governorship of Erivan province by Louis Joseph Jérôme Napoléon (1864-1932), grandnephew of Napoleon I.[13]

See also

* Radio Yerevan * Zvartnots Airport * Yerevan Physics Institute * Yerevan Metro * Yerevan TV Tower * Yerevan drive

Soviet Yerevan

Yerevan became the capital of the newly formed Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, one of the fifteen republics of the Soviet Union. The Soviet era transformed the city into a modern industrial metropolis of over a million people, developed according to the prominent Armenian architect Alexander Tamanian's designs. Yerevan also became a significant scientific and cultural center. Tamanian incorporated national traditions with contemporary urban construction. His design presented a radial-circular arrangement that overlaid the existing city. As a result, many historic buildings were demolished, including churches, mosques, the Persian fortress, baths, bazaars and caravanserais. Many of the surrounding districts around Yerevan were named after former Armenian communities that were decimated by the Ottoman Turks during the Armenian Genocide. The districts of Arabkir, Malatya-Sebastia and Nork Marash, for example, were named after the towns Arabkir, Malatya, Sebastia, and Marash, respectively. Following the end of the Second World War, German POWs were used to help in the construction of new buildings and structures, such as the Kievyan Bridge. In 1965, during the commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Armenian Genocide, Yerevan was the center of a 24-hour mass anti-Soviet protest, the first such demonstration in the Soviet Union, to demand recognition of the Genocide by the Soviet authorities.[15] In 1968, the city's 2,750th anniversary was commemorated. Yerevan played a key role in the Armenian national democratic movement that emerged during the Gorbachev era of the 1980s. The reforms of Glasnost and Perestroika opened questions on issues such as the status of Nagorno-Karabakh, the environment, Russification, corruption, democracy, and eventually independence. At the beginning of 1988, nearly one million Yerevantsis engaged in demonstrations concerning these subjects, centered on Theater Square.[16]

Sports

The most played and popular sport in Yerevan is football. Yerevan has many clubs with six in the 2008 season of the top league. Yerevan has four major stadiums which are Banants Stadium, Mika Stadium, Republican Stadium and Hrazdan Stadium. Hrazdan is the main and biggest stadium which also houses a sports complex that is composed of boxing and karate training facilities and basket-ball and tennis courts. Armenia has always excelled in chess with its players being very often among the highest ranked and decorated. The headquarters of the Armenian Chess Federation is located in the Kentron (central district) in Yerevan and there exists plenty of chess clubs in the city. In 1996, despite a severe economic crisis, Yerevan hosted the 32nd Chess Olympiad.[63] In 2006, the four members from Yerevan of the Armenian chess team won the 37th Chess Olympiad in Turin and repeated the feat at the 38th Chess Olympiad in Dresden. The Yerevan-born leader of this team, Levon Aronian, is currently one of the world's top chess players and is number six on the April 2008 FIDE rankings.

Topography and Location

* Altitude: average 990 m - minimum 865 m - maximum 1,390 m.[19] * Location: to the edge of the Hrazdan river, north-east of the Ararat plain. Yerevan is located in Eastern Armenia to the center-west of the country in the north-eastern extremity of the Ararat Valley. The upper part of the city is surrounded by mountains on three sides while to the south it descends to the banks of the river Hrazdan, a tributary of the river Arax. The Hrazdan divides Yerevan in two within a picturesque canyon. The city's elevation ranges between 900 to 1,300 m (3,000 to 4,300 ft) above sea level. As the capital of Armenia, Yerevan is not part of any marz ("province"). Instead, it borders the following marzer: Kotayk (north), Ararat (south), Armavir (southwest) and Aragatsotn (northwest).

Tourism

Tourism in Armenia has been developing every year and the capital city of Yerevan is one of the major tourist destinations. The city has the majority of hotels, restaurants, bars and nightclubs in the country. Zvartnots airport has also conducted renovation projects with the growing number of tourists visiting the country. Two major tourist attractions are the Opera House, the ruins of an Urartu fortress and a Roman fortress. The Armenia Marriott Hotel is situated in the heart of the city at Republic Square (also known as Hraparak).

Train

Yerevan has a single central train station (several train stations of suburbs have not been used since 1990) that is connected to the metro via the Sasuntsi Davit station. The train station is made in Soviet-style architecture with its long point on the building roof, representing the symbols of communism: red star, hammer and sickle. Due to the Turkish and Azerbaijani blockades of Armenia, there is only one international train that passes by once every two days, with neighboring Georgia being its destination. For example, for a sum of 9 000 to 18 000 dram, it is possible to take the night train to the Georgian capital, Tbilisi.[49] This train then continues to its destination of Batumi, on the shores of the Black sea. The only railway that goes to Iran to the south passes by the closed border of Nakhichevan. For this reason, there are no trains that go south from Yerevan. A construction project on a new railway line connecting Armenia and Iran directly is currently being studied.

Twin towns — Sister cities

Currently, Yerevan has twenty-seven sister cities.[55][56]

Universities

Universities in Yerevan include:

SeekingArrangement.com is the premier Sugar Daddy dating website in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia. On our website a Sugar Daddy is defined as a successful man (regardless of his age) who is generous and a gentleman who knows how to treat his sugar baby. It is however important to note what a Sugar Daddy is not. A sugar daddy is not someone who offers gifts or money in exchange for sexual favors. That would be a John. And while sugar daddies are idolized in our society (think Hugh Hefner), John’s on the other hand are stigmatized (think ex-NY Governor Elliot Spitzer). Also, a sugar daddy does not refer to the candy we all know about. A sugar daddy is also not a singles by The Jackson 5, or a single by Nina Sky, or a song by the Badloves, nor it is a song from the off-Broadway show and film, Hedwig and the Angry Inch. Other terms for a sugar daddy include: benefactor, mentor, sponsor, champion, or supporter. On SeekingArrangement.com, there over 15+ sugar babies for every sugar daddy member. Unlike most online dating websites where members play games and beat around the bush only to be disappointed by the courtship dance. Seeking Arrangement has been named “Best Fishing Hole” in a recent article on the New York Times. The reason is because sugar daddies, sugar mommies and sugar babies understand they can be honest and up front about why they are here and what they are looking for. By being completely upfront, sugar daddies, sugar mommies and sugar babies are able to cut out the game to forge no-drama type relationships that are mutually beneficial to everyone. Sugar Daddie dating is also called benefactor dating, sponsor dating, or mentor dating. Unlike other sugar daddy dating websites such as SugarDaddie.com, SugarDaddy4Me.com, SugarDaddy.com, or the hundreds of other smaller sugar daddy copy-cats that pop up every other week, SeekingArrangement.com is different in that we do not use the term “Sugar Daddy” in our URL domain name. We are also the dating website to feature the most real people from Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia. Our website employs state of the art anti-fraud system to weed out fake profiles, spammers and scammers. We are also the only sugar daddy dating website that is actively redefining the meaning of sugar dating and the sugar lifestyle – that a Sugar Daddy isn’t an old rich man preying on younger women, rather he is a gentleman (irrespective of age) who wants to pamper someone beautiful. We are also the only website to make people understand that one doesn’t have to be a millionaire to be a sugar daddy or sugar mommy, and as long as you are successful, generous and have a disposable income, you too can be a sugar daddy or sugar mommy. SeekingArrangement.com features the only sugar daddy blog where issues related to sugar daddy dating are being discussed everyday by real sugar daddies, sugar babies and sugar mommies. Sugar babies, sugar babe, sugar baby or sugar babes are all ways to refer to men or girls who are looking to be pampered by a sugar daddy or sugar momma. Sugar babies share a number of characteristics, they are all gorgeous, beautiful, attractive, sexy, hot, cute, pretty, sensual and personable. Sugar babes include aspiring actresses, aspiring models, girl next door, new graduates, college freshmen, sophomores, juniors, seniors, dancers, adult entertainers, adult film stars, playboy playmates, penthouse playmates, or single mothers. Sugar babes are also confident, smart, intelligent, capable, and they know what they want and how to work hard to get it. For their part, sugar babies add significant value to the lives of their sugar daddies or sugar mommas, and as such are pampered in return. ;

SeekingArrangement.com also caters to those looking for Millionaire dating. However, it’s important to note that one does not need to be a millionaire to be a sugar daddy. One does have to be wealthy man, rich man, successful man, generous man, upscale man, or established man. Of course, being a millionaire or a billionaire doesn’t hurt either, since money can help with the process of romance. Our website boasts hundreds of wealthy men, successful men, generous men, upscale men, established men, and men of substance who are seriously seeking a mutually beneficial arrangement in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia. If you are looking to meet a millionaire, or singles who are likely to become a millionaire or billionaire, you may want to try using SeekingMillionaire.com, where wealthy or beautiful singles meet each other. However, if you are only interested in a mutually beneficial relationship with a millionaire, you may want to try SeekingArrangement.com instead of a millionaire dating, millionaire personal, millionaire romance, millionaire love, millionaire matchmaker, millionaire match, millionaire introduction, or millionaire meet services. Millionaire matchmakers, such as MillionaireClub123.com or executive matchmaker, charge upwards of $20,000 and are overpriced. For $49.95, you can meet quality singles and millionaires without the use of such upscale matchmaking services with the same, if not better results. Be careful of millionaire dating websites that claim to be sugar daddy dating websites, such as Establishedmen.com, MillionaireMatch.com, WealthyMen.com, or MillionaireMate.com – these millionaire dating websites are unsure what niche they represent. A millionaire dating website is not a sugar daddy dating website. They are very different. Millionaire dating websites are only for singles and are for those seeking serious relationships. Sugar daddy dating websites on the other hand cater to both singles and married individuals seeking mutually beneficial / no strings attached arrangements. So what does it take to be classified a millionaire, or someone who is an established single, successful single, upscale single, executive single, wealthy single, or rich single? Obviously, wealth can be subjective just as beauty can be. However, if you are someone who has over $500k in net worth or if you make over $100k a year in annual income, it is fair to suggest that you are wealthy or have the pretty good chance of becoming a millionaire. Another qualification is if you are successful in your career and hold an executive position making over one hundred thousand dollars a year, including Chief Executive Officer (CEO), Chief Financial Officer (CFO), Chief Information Officer (CIO), Chief Investment Officer (CIO), Chief Marketing Officer (CMO), President, Vice President, or General Manager. If you belong to such a group, the internet and more specifically SeekingArrangement.com and SeekingMillionaire.com, offer you an unprecedented opportunity to meet and date gorgeous, beautiful, sexy, cute, attractive, sensual, hot or pretty singles, including but not limited to actors, actresses, models, aspiring models, aspiring actresses, girls next door, playboy playmates, penthouse playmates, dancers, adult entertainers, adult actresses, adult movie stars, artists, college freshmen, college sophomores, college juniors, college seniors or recent high school graduates. ;

NSA is short for No Strings Attached, and usually referring to no strings attached relationships or no strings attached dating (NSA dating). Typically when someone says he or she is looking for a NSA relationship or NSA arrangement, that usually means they are not ready for commitment, to be tied down, and hence the relationship would likely not end up being serious or a marriage. What no strings attached does not refer to are: No Strings Attached ('N Sync album), an album by boy band 'N Sync; No Strings Attached (Meat Puppets album), a 1990 compilation CD by the Meat Puppets; No Strings Attached (Jassi Sidhu album); No Strings Attached, a comedy tour by comedian Carlos Mencia. NSA dating or no strings attached dating is one of the main focus of SeekingArrangement.com, and our website hosts more members seeking NSA relationships in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia than any other online dating websites. Other commonly used terms in Sugar dating are - GFE which is short for Girl Friend Experience, and BFE which is short of Boy Friend Experience. While mostly an abbreviation used by Escorts and Johns, the term is also often used by those searching for intimate sugar daddy and sugar baby relationships. Usually those looking for GFE dating are seeking NSA dating, and likewise those looking for BFE dating are seeking NSA relationships. GFE personals, BFE personals or NSA personals is one of the main focus of SeekingArrangement.com It appears that GFE can be an acronym or abbreviation for many different things. GFE can mean Good Faith Estimate, Government-Furnished Equipment, Grantmakers for Education, Graphical Forecast Editor, Google Front End (Google web server), Generic Front End, Gas Free Engineer, Group Format Error, Gesellschaft für Forschung und Entwicklung (German), Good for Everything, Groningen Fitness Test for the Elderly, General Fund Exempt, Go Fat Early, Grooming Fabric Edge. However, on SeekingArrangement, GFE means Girl Friend Experience. The "girlfriend experience" generally involves more personal interaction than a traditional call girl or escort offers. Advertising a "girlfriend experience" is sometimes used by call girls to promote business. Please note that SeekingArrangement.com does not permit prostitutes or escorts from using our website, hence our definition of GFE and BFE is different. Here GFE and BFE means NSA – or no strings attached relationships. Something similar to this is shown in the Charles Bronson film, The Mechanic and the Burt Reynolds film, Sharky's Machine. A corresponding term (used to describe a client who acts as a lover instead of merely a participant in a commercial transaction) is "BFE" or "boyfriend experience." "PSE" or Porn Star Experience is where the service provider will sometimes allow photos or video to be taken or to act like a porn star for a client and the sex acts are un-covered (no condom). ;

SeekingArrangement.com is the largest sugar daddy and sugar baby discreet dating website and discreet personals in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia. Discreet dating, discreet encounters, discreet affairs, discreet arrangement, discreet love, discreet relationship, discreet romance, or discreet girlfriend, are all secretive dating where participants are careful to avoid embarrassment since they are dealing with private matters requiring secrecy. The market for discreet dating is large, in fact there are services such as Alibi Network that is a full service discreet agency providing alibis and excuses for absences. In fact they advertise “Whether you are involved in discreet affairs or you are married and looking to spice up your relationship by spending time with your partner away from the everyday life, we have a solution for you.” Discreet dating may also be referred to as confidential dating, confidential relationship, confidential affairs, confidential romance, confidential mistress or confidential girlfriend. To be involved in discreet dating, one has to be extremely secret about it. Meeting in another small town; getting separate rooms in a large hotel; not letting on you know the person if you are at same event they are. In other words, short of having the odd "squeak between the sheets" you don't know each other out in public or at the workplace. Discreet dating sometimes occurs at the workplace when two people who are not supposed to get involved romantically did so. For example, in the case of an affair between a professor and his student, or a love affair between a boss and his secretary, participants need to keep their dating discreet so no one finds out. Check out the Seeking Arrangement Blog for more discussion on issues related to discreet dating in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia. Advice you will find include the pros and cons of discreet arrangements, how to keep discreet relationships working, how to end discreet affairs, and how to make discreet dating work when one or both are married. One of the biggest problems with most discreet dating websites is that they do not screen for scammers or spammers, and as a result, users are often bombarded with spam from girls seeking customers for their discreet chat, or discreet webcam services. While adult chat or adult webcam services may be fun, it is not the type of discreet dating or discreet relationships most people are looking for. As such, we suggest trying SeekingArrangement.com, where all members are carefully screened, and hence you will always be meeting someone who is likeminded in their search for a discreet relationship, discreet affair, discreet encounter, or discreet adventure. ;

Married dating in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia. About 40-50% of the sugar daddies on SeekingArrangement.com are married but looking, or are married seeking an extra-marital affair or a mistress lover. Unlike other married dating websites such as AshleyMadison.com or Philanders.com or MarriedButLooking.com, SeekingArrangement.com does not exclusively cater to married dating or cheating arrangements. But, since an arranged relationship does sometime involve married people, it’s not surprising many who are married but looking use our website in search of their perfect discreet affair. Our founder is often asked by the Media if he supports extramarital affairs – his answer is that while he does not make any moral judgments, he notes that married dating isn’t for everyone. However, that said, SeekingArrangement.com does have 50-60% of single, divorced or widowed sugar daddies participating. It is also important to note that approximately 10-15% of members on a regular dating site, such as PlentyofFish.com or Match.com are in fact married and looking, except they lie about their real married status. An affair is sometimes referred as a form of nonmonogamy, infidelity or adultery. Where an affair lacks both overt and covert sexual behavior and yet exhibits intense or enduring emotional intimacy it may be referred to as an emotional affair, platonic love, or a romantic friendship. Other terms that describes an affair, include discreet affair, private affair, office affair or a secret affair. An affair also may be referred to as sex with the opposite sex dramatically. Affair may also describe part of an agreement of an open marriage, such as swinging, which sanctions some forms of extramarital sex and and not others. When one of the non-sanctioned affairs occurs it is described as infidelity and often experienced as a betrayal both of trust and integrity. Also: emotional affair, infidelity, adultery, cheating, mistress (lover), friendship, platonic love, or romantic friendship. We have interviewed many married sugar daddies and married sugar babies, as to why they seek a married affair. The average married sugar daddy tells us he is bored, or that sexual passion no longer exist in his marriage, that having an extramarital affair or engaging in married dating is the only way he is going to be able to stay with his wife. Yet, other married sugar daddy claims having a discreet affair helps add spice to his married life, so all in all, married dating helps him stay in his marriage. The married sugar baby usually has a different reason for engaging in such tryst. She still loves her husband, but is looking for fun on the side, or her extramarital arrangement allows her to help her family out financially. In a recent survey conducted by Harvard, over 60% of its alumni claimed to have had an extramarital affair at least once or have considered cheating while married. It seems married dating and discreet affairs are much more popular than we all think. If you are going to consider married dating in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia, we suggest using SeekingArrangement.com for a number of reasons. On SA, members are able to have extramarital affairs without any strings attached. The last thing a person wants in a married dating scenario is to have one or more parties fall in love. An arrangement by its nature allows both parties to specify exactly what they look for in an extramarital affair, while avoiding the things they do not want – clinginess, attachment, or dependencies. Married dating is usually conducted as discreet affairs or secret affairs. Being discreet or secretive is what makes cheating all the more exciting, and one of the main reasons why many people engage in extramarital affairs or extramarital tryst. In addition, SeekingArrangement provides many privacy and discreet features to allow cheaters the ability to keep their affairs secret. ;

Looking for a casual encounter in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia? SeekingArrangement.com provides the largest selection of wealthy and gorgeous people in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia looking for casual relationships, casual dating, casual arrangements, casual encounters, discreet encounters, casual sex, casual friendship, or casual affairs. Unlike other casual encounters website such as Craigslist.com, Craigslist.org, OnlineBootyCall.com, or CasualEncounters.com, SeekingArrangement.com is the only casual dating website to exclusively cater to wealthy and gorgeous people looking for a flirtatious fling. Casual encounters or casual sex, refers to certain types of sexual activity outside the context of a romantic relationship. The term is not always used consistently: some use it to refer to any extramarital sex, some use it to refer to sex in a casual relationship, whereas others reserve its use for one-time encounters (such as one night stands), promiscuity, or to refer to sex in the absence of emotional attachment or love (e.g., NSA or no strings attached relationship). Another term for casual encounters is a hookup which refers to casual sex activity. An extended hookup sometimes refers to prolonged instances of casual sex interactions. This is a situation in which the involved parties occasionally meet for casual sex multiple times, always without a long-term commitment. This is a casual relationship specifically for sex and without any emotional aspect. Other colloquial terms used to describe two people engaged in a relationship in which there is no emotional but purely sexual involvement are fuck buddies, one night stands, one night love, friends with benefits, and booty call. The reason so many people in Yerevan, Yerevan, Armenia seek casual encounters vary from individual to individual. But SeekingArrangement.com is the best dating website for those wanting casual affairs and discreet encounters. Those seeking casual dating typically need extra excitement in their life. Originally, a one-night stand referred to a single night theatre performance, usually by a guest group on tour. Today, however, the term is more commonly understood as a single sexual encounter or casual encounter between individuals, where neither individual has any immediate intention or expectation of establishing a long-term sexual or romantic relationship. One night stands are commonly frowned upon in society because they have potential to ruin a person's reputation, it having the same negativity as adultery or fornication. Individuals participating in a one-night stand typically have not known each other long and have had minimal time to get to know each other before engaging in sexual activity. A one-night sexual encounter is not necessarily always a one-night stand; the crucial distinction is the expectation or intention that the relationship will not necessarily be extended beyond the initial sexual encounter. A one-night stand is differentiated from prostitution, as it takes place without direct payment of money and from a casual relationship, which may not initially involve sex and may continue long-term. A one-night stand can be thought of as an irregular and unplanned sexual encounter between individuals. The participants will usually have little or no contact with one another aside from sex. Thus it is possible to have multiple one-night stands with the same person, provided that there is no regularity to the encounters or planning involved in the casual encounters. However, where the people involved have a regular sexual relationship without romantic involvement, this is generally considered a casual encounter or casual relationship (also referred to using terms such as "no strings attached" or "friends with benefits" or a "fuck buddy"), and is generally considered distinct from the one-night stand phenomenon. ;

On SeekingArrangement.com, you will see the field “Desired Allowance” or “My Budget”. What is an allowance? Well, let’s start first by defining what an allowance is not. An allowance is not money in exchange for sex. That would be prostitution and is strictly forbidden on our website. An allowance is a term coined up by us to mirror the allowance a parent gives to their child or children. Since we use the terminology of a sugar daddy and a sugar baby, the term allowance ended up being the perfect phrase suggesting the caring relationship between a “daddy” and a “baby”. The sugar daddy budget and the sugar baby allowance has always been a matter for heated discussion and debate. But the budget or the allowance isn’t a cash payment. Rather it’s the disposable income the sugar daddy has, and that he is willing to spend each month on his sugar lifestyle, i.e., going out on dates, transportation, or helping his sugar baby with her credit card bills, college tuition, utility bills, car loans, rent, etc. While there have been many successful arrangements forged on SeekingArrangement.com, we have also been told many horror stories of fake sugar daddies who promises his sugar babies the world, only to never be heard of again once he gets what he wants. So for the sugar babies who are expecting a rent free arrangement, or having her bills paid on time monthly, its important to work on your relationship with a sugar daddy first. A real sugar daddy who is a gentleman will not ask for sex on the first date, and if he does, he’s probably a John, not a sugar daddy. However, that said, it’s also important to note that many sugar babies aren’t really genuine sugar babies looking to find sugar relationships. The real sugar daddy is a gentleman who understands that intimacy comes after building trust, respect and mutual chemistry. The real sugar daddy has a real budget, i.e., real disposable income he can spend each month to pamper his sugar baby. For those sugar babies out there, do be honest about what you are looking for. If you want some tuition assistance or someone to provide a scholarship for your college, say so, so the right college sponsor with the right budget can offer you an allowance for your college or provide you with a scholarship to complete your degree. If you want to have your rent paid, or to live rent free, then say you want a sponsor for your rent, or a benefactor who will pay your rent, then say so. The more straightforward about what you want, then the more likely you are to meet the sugar daddy who will give you what you desire. But the most important rule is to build friendship and trust first, and do not sleep with the potential sugar daddy on the first date or even on the second date. In fact, don’t even start a sexual relationship with a potential sugar daddy until he actually becomes a sugar daddy, meaning either pay two semesters of your tuition, signs an agreement to provide scholarship, or sign his name for a 6 months lease on your apartment. Similarly, we ask sugar daddies never to send money to any potential sugar baby who asks for money up front. ;