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Administration

Since the election of March 2001, the mayor has been Marcel Guerville

Description

Coordinates: 50°31′07″N 1°38′29″E / 50.5186111111°N 1.64138888889°E / 50.5186111111; 1.64138888889 Commune of Étaples-sur-Mer Étaples or Étaples-sur-Mer (Dutch: Stapel) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It is a fishing and leisure port on the Canche river.

History

Étaples takes its name from having been a medieval staple port (stapal in Old Dutch, the language of the area until about 1300), from which word the Old French word Estaples derives. As a port it was part of the administrative and economic complex centred on Montreuil after access from the sea to that town was restricted by silting. The site of modern Étaples lies on the ridge of dunes which once lay to seaward of a marsh formed off-shore from the chalk plateau of Artois. From the Canche northwards, the dunes tend to extend inland, all the way to the old chalk cliff.[1] It lay just outside the southern edge of the medieval Boulonnais and some eighteen kilometres south of the geological region of that name. The dunes were established as the sea level rose during the Quaternary and show signs of habitation during the Palaeolithic. They had therefore stabilized at something like their present form by 2,000 BC. The dunes to the north-west of the town have revealed Iron Age, Gaulish material. Étaples was one of a number of sites identified as Quentovicus from which, as from Boulogne-sur-Mer Roman ships prepared for the passage to Britannia. However, excavations coordinated by Dr David Hill of Manchester University between 1984 and 1991 uncovered the remains of a substantial settlement at Visemarest near the hamlet of La Calotterie. This site is located to the east of Étaples, further up the Canche valley near the town of Montreuil-sur-Mer.[2] This is now accepted as the site of Quentovic, although the finds from the excavations are to be found in the Musée de Quentovic in Étaples (the museum predating the discovery of the site itself by a number of years). During the ninth century this coast, like that of eastern England, was subject to raids and settlement by Norsemen. From their point of view, this off-shore site, protected by mud flats and marsh, was ideal as a base from which to conduct raids elsewhere, assemble the booty and perhaps ship it off home. In 1172, Matthew of Alsace, Count of Boulogne, built a fortress on the old Roman site. In 1193, Philippe Auguste made it the main port of his northern fleet. This is the stage at which this southern end of the County of Boulogne (The Boulonnais) came into the hands of the kings of France. It formed the only direct access to this coast from royal lands in the hinterland, without a need for negotiations with the Count of Boulogne, the Count of Poitou and their like. It is believed that Edward III of England, a man with strong French family connections, passed this way after the Battle of Crécy some 35 km (22 mi) away. He was descended from Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou and his mother was Isabella, daughter of Philippe IV of France. He was the nephew of three kings of France and thought that he should be one too. His uncle, Charles IV of France was the last of his family line (the Capetians) to rule in France so as Philippe VI of France (the first of the Valois kings) had taken over; Edward burnt this port belonging to Philippe or in Edward’s view, to Edward. The town was again pillaged in 1355, when John of Gaunt, son of Edward and Philippa of Hainault, took much the same view. There were sieges in 1351, 1378 and 1435. It was burnt in 1455 and 1546. In the meantime, on 3 November 1492, the castle was the scene of the signing of the Treaty of Étaples between Charles VIII of France and Henry VII of England. Henry wanted to remove French support from Perkin Warbeck the pretender to the English throne which Henry had taken by conquest with French and Breton support. It would also reduce his need to worry about intrigues between France and Scotland. Charles wanted to undermine the treaty between England and Brittany a duchy which France was working towards annexing. The treaty would also clear the way for his Italian wars. At the time of the Field of the Cloth of Gold, the diplomatic meeting near Calais, between Francis I of France and Henry VIII of England, Francis stayed in the castle of Étaples. The meeting took place at Balinghem from 7 to 24 June 1520 and Francis slept at the castle on the 27th. Louis XIV was received there on 26 May 1637 and it was dismantled around 1641. In the meantime, in 1596, the town had its severe outbreak of the plague.[3] Between 1803 and 1805, Napoleon gathered a large army in places along this coast, principally at Boulogne, so as to threaten an invasion of England. As part of this, for two years the Sixth Army Corps of Marshal Ney was stationed in and near to Étaples. The Emperor came several times to the town to review his troops.[3] The Battle of Trafalgar ended any hope he had of providing naval cover for an invasion so the troops moved on. The railway between Amiens and Boulogne passes along the coast here and was opened in 1848. This permitted the development of the town’s economy, particularly in the direction of entertaining holiday visitors. Among them were the artists of the Étaples School which flourished between 1880 and 1914. The two banks of the Canche were linked by a road bridge in 1860. The railway was much expanded, temporarily, during the period of The Great War. Étaples was the principal depôt and transit camp for the British Expeditionary Force, the British army in France. In 1917 it was the scene of the Étaples Mutiny. Étaples was, from a later British scientific viewpoint, at the centre of the 1918 flu pandemic.[4] The British virologist, John Oxford [5], of St Bartholomew's Hospital and the Royal London Hospital, and other researchers, have suggested that a principal British troop staging camp in Étaples was at the center of the 1918 flu pandemic or at least a significant precursor virus to it. There was a mysterious respiratory infection at the military base during the winter of 1915-16.[4] As recognition of the difficulty of accommodating up to 80,000 men at a time over four years and the damage done by the enemy bombing which their presence attracted, Étaples was awarded the Croix de guerre in 1920.[3] Like the rest of France, Étaples underwent occupation during the Second World War. This again made it the target of bombing which caused seventy civilian casualties and destroyed or damaged a third of its houses. In 1949, the Minister of Defence came and presented a palme (bar) for the Croix de guerre.[3] While most of the above was going on, the town quietly got on with making a living from fishing and its associated trades such as rope making. The railway sped the marketing of the fish to places like Paris but it had been carried out by the Chasse marées since the 13th century.

Notable residents

* Jacques Lefèvre d'Étaples : theologian and humanist

Places of interest

* The Rope Walk houses the tourist information office, the Museum of the Miniature (models etc.), the Maréis (all aspects of sea fishing). * Étaples Museum of Seafaring: mainly the history of étapleois fishing. In the former fish market. * The Quentovic archaeological museum. * The Canche Bay nature reserve: 505 hectares, mainly of natural dunes.[6] * Hôtel Souquet-Marteau noted for its façade and roof on the main square. It was occupied in 1803-5 by Marshal Ney. Napoleon paid two visits. * The Delaporte Brewery was built in 1754 but largely destroyed by shelling in 1918. It was reconstructed in 1924 and is now out of use.

References

* INSEE commune file * Ministry of Culture database * anon Carte Géologique de la France à l'échelle du millionième 6th edn. BRGM (2003) * Hill, D. et al. (1990). 'Quentovic defined', Antiquity, 64, no. 242. * Baudelicque, P. L'Histoire de la Cité des Pêcheurs. Étaples Tourism web site. * Bellew, G. Britain’s Kings and Queens 63 Reigns in 1100 Years. Pitkin Pictorials 1966. * Volkmann, J-C. Bien Connaître les Généqlogies des Rois de France. Editions Jean-Paul Gisserot . (1997)

See also

* Communes of the Pas-de-Calais department

Twin towns

* Hückeswagen, Germany since 29 July 1972