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Architecture
The houses in Pailin are built from wood, about 8 cm to 1 meter includes a wide door and in the middle of house, there are the hermitages of Buddha and anothers spirit house. The Kula People are fond of planting roses in front of their homes.
Clothing and Cultural Dress
In Northeast Thailand, The majority of Kula (Khmer spelled Kola) merchans that travel to that area mostly male. And they were dressed very different from locals as described by the their living relative. Most of their attire was described as similar to the clothing of Burma, Mon, Dai or Shan and some dressed like Karieng or Karen Tribe. Kula pants were mostly made from Cotton and dyed in opaque colors. The pants were fashioned with the wide breaches and length to the ankle or knee nuch like Chinese style shorts with ropes fastening the pant at waist. Kula males also wore Sarong which is a Burna kilt fashion in Checkered Pattern and dyced in Dark Colors. The length if the sarong would vary according to each individual's perference. Male shirts were called Sue Taek Bung. Sue Taek Bung shirts were round collar shirts that wide and made from a sigle piece of cloth joined and buttoned in the front.Fabric rings and knots were used as Button. Most of Kula shirts were black, dark blue and white in color. Otherwise,The Traditional clothes of Kula in Pailin is Longyi, also known as Sarong. The cloth is often sewn into a cylindrical shape. It is worn around the waist, running to the feet. It is held in place by folding fabric over, without a knot. It is also sometimes folded up to the knee for comfort. These traditional “longyi†have about 2 meters of in length of swan. The cloth is made of cotton and sometimes from silk. Kola men wear ankle-length patterns of checks, plaids or stripes “Longyi†in any kinds of color. The Men always wear their white eingyi shirt which has a mandarin collar and sometimes also wear a traditional jacket called teik -pon over their eingy. It has white, grey, black or terracotta colors. They put the Gaung Paung turban on their head and on their feet wear simple rubber velvet slippers.Another Kula male hairstyle known as Long Hair which was bundled and tied at the center top of head and wrapped or tied off with white cloth or turban.Regular short hair with a Turban or not is a favourite as well. For Kula women’s calf-length longyi are in solid colors, flower prints and many kinds of designs. They soften have a red based color, with partial stripes or very small checks similar to what Mon wear. They also often have horizontal or vertical stripes at the middle part. Royalty traditionally wore a long dress called “thin-dai†decorated by many threads. It was always worn by a lord's daughter and the king of the province's lady. The Women wears a beautiful blouse and a lovely shirt which know as eingyi. The shirt is decorated with several colors and many piece of silver. The shirt also has horizontal or vertical stripes at the middle part in some beauty color. Kola women tie a traditional shawl on their eingyi as well as they put the shawl on their shoulders. Women tie a lovely band on their head and wear beautiful flowers in their hair, allowing their hair to drop as a ponytail above their shoulders. They sometimes took a traditional umbrella made from baboom with them. The footwear is simple slippers of leather or velvet called Hnyat-phanat.This kind of sandals had been import into Khmer Shoes style during 1900s.The Kula Lady always had their ears pierced and wore earring called Kajorn. Kajorn waring were made from Silver and would have long stems with a large singular end ornament which were worn on both ear lobes.Regular earring would only be worn on the left ear lobes.However, Some rich lady retains a high beautiful necklace and earring, made of the precious gem like in Pailin. All of these costumes were shiny with bright colors during celebrations.The clothing is very similar to what is worn by the Shan in Burma.[3]
Culture
Kula people received a high culture adoptation from Burma and Shan.
Description
Shan language,Lao language and Tai languages Theravada Buddhism, animism Shan, Bamar, Tai people and Kachin Kula (or Gula and Kola) (Thai: à¸à¸¸à¸¥à¸², Khmer: កូឡា) are a Tai descendant, who immigrants from Yunan, China,came into Northeast Thailand from The Mons states and Shan states in Myanmar and from Northern Thailand during the last few decades of 19th century.The Kula once lived mainly in Pailin, Cambodia as refugees during French Colonial of Cambodia in order as gems trader.The role of Kula or Toongsoon, one of the various actor involved in the region, played in the development of the money economy and commercialization in this region and the effect of development had on the different social group during the period concerned here. The Kula minority ethnc had been noted as the richest ethnic group in Cambodia.
External Links
* Kula People in Pailin
Foods
In Pailin, there are a few different kinds of foods. Kula's food is distinct from Burma's Cuisine and Shan as well. The most popular Burmese style one is Mee Kola (មីកុឡា) which is a vegetarian noodle dish made from thin rice stick noodles, steamed and cooked with soy sauce and garlic chive, sometimes mixed with some meats and small lobster. Other dishes include Tom yum from Thailand and Mon banana pudding of Burma. These have all spread to other parts of Thailand and Cambodia, but normally in versions which are flavored more sweetly than the Pailin version, especially in Phnom Pehn. Moreover, Kula merchants ate regular rice and woulf always carry kitchen ware and utensile made from brass along with them on their travels.They mostly made and prepare their own meals and would eat among themselves because they had strict rules regarding proper food.Kula do not eat meat from cows, ox or waterbuffao.Their restraint from these meat products is that the animal provided labor and were the main merchandise of their trade.They would only make maels from animal which were still fresh and died of known cause.They would not eat dead frigs ir fish that lying in the jungle or found dead along paddy fields. Vegetables were consumed in many varieties and to what was available in the lands where they camped.The Kula's were experts in knowing which plants and wild vegetables were edible because they had to reply on the foret, land and natural resournce that was available. They could wxperly pick out what was edible and which types of plants were poisons. Tea consumed in place of water and was a regular event at their homes and on their travel. Liquor and alcohol was forbidden because Kula merchants practiced magic and scared charms to protect them on their hourneys.The Kula's sacred charms and magic would only be successful if they did not drink alcohol
Further reading
* Guideline for Conservation, Revitalization and Development of the Identity and Customs of the Kula Ethnic Group in Northeast Thailand (2009) * The Central Position of the Shan/Tai as 'Knowledge Brokers' in the Cambodia. * Decentering Colonial Cartography. * Minority Ethnics in Cambodia (2009) * Folk dance of Cambodia (1965) * Field report Pailin (2008-2009) * Why the Kula wept: A Report on the Trade activities of The Kula in Isa at the end of 19th century by Junko Koizum.
Journey in Cambodia
Kula people immigrate to Cambodia in the middle of 19th century as the latest minority of all in local area.According to Mr.R.Blandat about the history of Pailin which before just a deep forest zone along with a group of Shan from Chanthaburi Province found a gem mined in that area.After all, the local people whoes interested in the precious, got an idea as sold to Kula (or Toongsoon) in Thailand. Thoes Kula people expertly in digging the gem as well as the recent area later named Adeato (Pailin,which fulled of gem mines, attract Chinese, Lao people and Vietnamese for business but Kulas were the talent economist which ends up in Pailin, took wives, ran a business peacfully. Among the Kula trader, The rich kula in Bangkok and Royalty of Shan descent also arrived Cambodia due of the strong economy run and a perfect place for hidden identity for Shan Royalty from Killing. A small states with high population of Kula, from Northern Thailand, Northeast Thailand and Central Thailand, attract the resident construct their own state, explore their culture and settle down. Either Pailin, In Bo Koe area of Rattanakiri and Stung Trey Kula ethnics also went up to seeking the gem stone along with Lao people, faced several danger than Pailin. The elders forced to stopped dig the gem in Bo Koa, just reverse the technique to their next generation. Another wave of migrants, the Shan arrived from Burma in the late of 1800s and early 1900s. A distant shan state in Pailin on the Cambodian side of Thai-Cambodian border was the result of a discovery in about 1890 by a wandering shan adventure of the Pailin sapphire field.This adventurer known as Hunter Lung Musu, at once went back to Myanmar, in fact to Rangoon, where there was a considerable Shan merchant community.He showed them the stone;They relised they were the excellent gems and organized, first an expedetion to survey the field, and then a recuriting in states like Laikha, Mok Mai and Meng Nai, to find Shan families settle at Pailin.Shan Community constructed with monastic member of a Shan community whoes nucleas was mine worker at Pailin's ruby mine, petitioned for and constructed buddhist temple and stupha in the region from late of 1880s.More Shan arrived in Pailin in reason of built Wat Phnom Yat which then didn't return home and was housing in Cambodia. Unlike the local people in Northeast Thailand, Kula resident in Pailin obtained its lilivehood quite better and rich with not only the gem mines business but a heat treatment.During Cambodia under french colonial, some major french gem dealer at the beginning of 20th century, had made a successful experiment of heat treatment with Pailin stone.It report that the people who did these experiment had business and friendship with some local families such as Kula in Pailin and Chanthaburi.As it was common at that time some young people from these families may have come to France to study and later to returned to Pailin with the knowleadge about Heattreatment. During that times, Pailin made more better on their economy as well as Kula's lilivehood in that area, claiming them not to leave it. In 1960s,Kula people got a straight on to gem traders more successful with making a appearance to Khmer people of their culture due the spread reputation of Pailin to public, effect strongly for Tourism as well as their happiest event after World War II.Their culture during that erea deal to change with more modern.for Example Some Kula people focus to cut a beautiful short hair rather than tie themselves a band and the kula male refused to wear Sarong instead of new modern trouser. However, When The Khmer Rouge took over the country, sacked hardiest to Pailin with the strong hold for 30 years.Kula people faced the miserable event in their whole life. The Kula in Border of Lao, became Khmer rouge soldier, Some of them ran to Thailand with the rest forced to do ten times hardier as the gem digger in their own area.Khmer Rouge had known as the era when Kula began to loss their culture, their traditional and their life in the war. Now, The survivor of Kula seem to loss their culture with a skill writing which gradually disappear in Cambodia with a fews is unknown to their real nationality but some of them still working as the gem trader again while some settle back in Thailand and another province of Cambodia.The great culture which seem to disappear, got a few life of their record in some khmer song, film and Book to remember by Khmer people.
Journey in Thailand
Kula merchants conducted trade in Northeast Thailand and along the territories along the banks of Mekong river. Their presence and existence in Northeast Thailand as early as the early 19th century during the reign of King Rama IV (1815 -1818). The evidence of Kola is record detailing the dispute between Toongsoon (Tong su) or Kola with the purchase of 577 cattle head of governor of Roi Et, Sowannnapoom and Khon Kaen. The Dispute occurred when the governors of these cities refused to handover the cattle. The Kula durng that period were protected by the treaty with Britain, therefore, Bangkok acted as a mediator and gave Kula their money back in the amount of 2,763.5 bath and ordered the governors in the Northeast Thailand to pay back Bangkok. Kola merchants traveled in small and large caravans. Some of these caravans would consist of more than 100 people traveling in ox carts, Horses and Elephants. Kula merchants would sell and buy items during their trave's such as Elephants, Ivory, Aminal Horns, Antlers, Silk, Krabua or Water Buffalo, Firearm, Caskets, Case etc. Smaller group of Kula would travel in groups of at least 5,10 or 50 people and would be armed with knives, swords, firearms and scared magical charms for protection. The Kula engaged in commerce differently from the Chinese where they didn't establish themselves by setting up shops in communities but perferred to travel from destination to destination and rest along temples, jungle, prairie and forests along the way. Their presence in Northeast Thailand is such that central plain in Northeast Thailand, which encompasses the modern provinces of Roi Et, Maha Sarakham, Yasothorn, Surin ans Sisaket has been named as Tung Kula Rong Haior the plain of the crying kula. Tung Kula Rong Hai is a vast plain of grass and swamp. The plain was sparesly populated during the early of 19th century and many caravans and individuals would enter the plain and find themselves lost. People living in the community has to erect wooden poles and plant trees to identify the route to make navigation possible. The routes that Kula traveled into Thailand can divided to 5 Route. Route from Dong Paya Fai in Nakhon Ratchasima province to Pak Priew in Saraburi province. Route from Dong Paya Klang in Nakorn Ratchasima Province through to village of Sanam Chang in Lop Buri province. Route from Thanko pass in Nakhon Ratchasima pass into Kabinburi district in Prachin Buri province to Panatnikom district in Saraburi province to Phanom Sarakham province in Chachoengsao province with the final destination in the province of Nakhon Nayok in Eastern Thailand. Route from Martaban (Moattama), Moulmein (Mawlamying) in Myanmar into Phetchabun Province into Raharng district in Tak province. Route to Cambodia through the Jorn Pass in Surin Province to Srisophon Province in modern day, Cambodia. The Kula played a major role in providing good and merchandise in Northeast Thailand. Northeast Thailand communities were provided with essential goods and between rural communities in the region possible. The Kula merchants also brought with them additional knowledge and practices in iron works, gold works, traditions and culture and the most prominent is their experience and expertise as traveling merchants. As the regional economy advanced and proered, more and more local norhteast Thailand individuals slowly replaced Kula merchants and there was also increased competition from Chinese and Indian merchants. Modern roads and railways were begin constructed linking Bangkok and the province of Nakorn Ratchasima making goods and products easily available to Northeast Thailand. When the bowring treaty ended it brought an end to the large caravans of Kula merchants into Thailand. Small caravans of Kula still continued to travel to Thailand up to 20th century and many Kula descendants living in Northern Thailand still practice their tradition in roving trade with goods from Northern Thailand into Northeast Thailand by bringing product such pottery, ceramics and artificial flowers. the first generations of Kula merchants traveled into Northeast Thailand to trade and then separated and settle down in villages where they married. Only a small number of Kula Merchants from Myanmar returned to their homeland bu most made only a one way trip, never returning home. Many Kula traditions and customs have disappeared through the generations throung assimilation with local Thai- Lao communities.
Language
The Language that Kula merchants used to Communicate with others was not their original tongue. In Thailand and Isan, The language that they used was a mix and adaptation of the words spoken among Thai Yai or Dai ethnic group living in the shan states in North Eastern Burma and Northern Thailand. Many Kula's adapted their original languages to include Northern Thailand or Lanna and [Kham Muang]] words and phrases which were widely used along the borders in communities between Burma and Northern Thailand or Northeast Thailand their language was regarded and understood as a mix between Burma and Tai or Dai language. Another Kula in Cambodia upon Pailin to Stung Treng, Shan language mainly used to those local people as their national language. Among them, Lao language been used flucely to the cross border people as the communication of business to gem trader with Lao people in Isan and their country.However, after the khmer rouge, the still Kula are about to forget their language with the next generation known how to speak to highly Thai language influenced.
Terminology
In Burmese, Kula means stranger[1] included the definition to Foreigner in Burmese word.However, The Term Gula which is most commonly used of the Shan in Siam both by the people in the country and by themselves, appear to be in realty the Burmese word Kula.Otherwise,Kula word is translate as star-shaped kite in Thai language. Another term of Kula known as Toongsoo were is still an unanswered question. Although Siamese Documents of 1870s and 1880s mostly used the two words in terchangeably, it is not clear whether they refer to the same ethnic group, as there are exception. Wilson, for example, writes that Toongsoo (or Tongsú) was used in the 19th century as a designation for (a)The Karen tribe in general, (b) A thai trader tribe closely related to Shans known for dealing in elephant and horses and (c) The Shan pronuciation of the Burmese word taungthu, meaning "hill man", referring to Pa-O subdivision of Karen Tribe. Reporting on the gem diggers in Chanthaburi and Cambodia peninsula, Symth said: "The Siamese often style the gem mining Shán Tongsu, but there are very few real Tongsu among them. European usually called them Burmese, but beyond the fact that they come from the Burmese Shán states the term is not applicable to more than an extremely small percentage, and the application of the name to his facewould be not considerable flattering by the average Shán. Among all, Kula also refer to The Local name in Chanthaburi and Pailin, Cambodia region for the miners which the people believed them of the Burmese origin which were common in the area since its discovery at the end of 19 century included Mon people as well.Most Cambodian sometimes defines them as The jungle people, originally from forest covered the jungle between Tavoy and Moulmein in Burma.Even The people in Pailin wear the similar dress to Kula, doing the gem trader, cover up with their traditional umbrella, Whatever, They are Tai, Shan, Thai, Mon, Buman, Loas or pure Kula, Khmer people quickly considered them all as Kula (spelled Kola with Khmer sound).Meanwhile, Kula used to described as Burmese Cambodian or Khmer Shan in Khmer way of thinking instead.[2]